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Descriptive knowledge, also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the type of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions. This distinguishes descriptive knowledge from what is commonly known as "know-how", or procedural knowledge (the knowledge of how, and especially how best, to perform some task), and "knowing of", or knowledge by acquaintance (the knowledge of something's existence). The difference between knowledge and beliefs is as follows: A belief is an internal thought or memory which exists in one's mind. Most people accept that for a belief to be knowledge it must be, at least, true and justified. The Gettier problem in philosophy is the question of whether there are any other requirements before a belief can be accepted as knowledge. The article epistemology discusses the opinion of philosophers on how one can tell which beliefs constitute actual knowledge. ==Acquiring knowledge== People have used many methods to try to gain knowledge. # By participation. # By acquisition. # By reason and logic (perhaps in cooperation with others, using logical argument). # By mathematical proof. # By the scientific method. # By the trial and error method. # By applying an algorithm. # By learning from experience. # By intuition (getting them from the subconscious). # By an argument from authority, which could be from religious, literary, political, philosophical or scientific authorities. # By listening to the testimony of witnesses. # By observing the world in its "natural state"; seeing how the world operates without performing any experiments. # By acquiring knowledge that is embedded in one's language, culture, or traditions. # By dialogical enquiry (conversation). See Gadamer, Bohm, Habermas, Freire, on dialogue, learning and knowledge acquisition/negotiation: http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-dialog.htm # By some claimed form of enlightenment following a period of meditation. (For example, the Buddhist enlightenment known as bodhi) # By some claimed form of divine illumination, prayer or revelation from a divine agency. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「descriptive knowledge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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